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导言 Late in the summer of 1999, I set out to design and construct a rocket motor quite unlike any previous motor that I'd previously developed.晚在1999年夏季，我阐述了设计和建造一个火箭发动机相当不同以往任何汽车，我想要以前的发展。 All the motors that I had built previously were powered by the KN-Sucrose propellant.所有汽车，我已建成以前供电所千牛蔗糖推进剂。 These were of relatively simple design, which provided a high thrust with a very short burn, a consequence of unrestricted-burning grains.这些都是比较简单的设计，提供了一个高推力与在很短的烧伤，后果无限制的燃烧粒。 The steel casings used for these motors were well suited to this purpose, providing the required strength at the high temperatures experienced during operation.钢套管，用于这些马达，以及适合这个目的，提供所需的强度在高温天气期间，经验丰富的运作。 This approach resulted in highly reliable motors that were capable of rapidly boosting my rockets aloft, which helped ensure stability of the rockets.这种做法导致在高度可靠的电动机有能力迅速提高我国火箭，高举，这有助于确保稳定的火箭。
　　My goal then became one to design a motor that would be capable of boosting a rocket to a much higher altitude, targeted at 10 000 feet, or 3 km.我的目标，然后成为一个设计的马达将能够推动火箭，以高得多的高度，针对一○ ○○○英尺，或3公里。 This represented a nearly threefold increase in altitude with respect to any previous rocket I had launched.这代表了近三倍，增加在高空与尊重以往任何时候我曾火箭发射。 Preliminary analysis indicated that K-Class performance of about 2000 Ns impulse would be capable of achieving this goal with a sufficient margin to allow for a respectably sized rocket and payload.初步分析表明，钾级的性能约2000年的NS冲动，将能够实现这一目标具有足够的保证金，让一个respectably大中型火箭的有效载荷。 I opted to design the motor to operate interchangeably with either of the two contemporary, and easier to cast propellants: KN-Dextrose and KN-Sorbitol.我选择了设计汽车经营互换与任何两个当代，更容易铸造推进剂：千牛-葡萄糖和千牛-山梨醇。 Although I considered the use of KN-Sucrose as a third alternative, this option was later dropped, as it would have necessitated modifications to the nozzle due to the more rapid burn rate虽然我认为使用千牛蔗糖作为第三种选择，这个选择，后来下降，因为这将有必要修改喷嘴由于要更迅速的烧伤率
　　The motor powered by Dextrose-based propellant is designated Kappa-DX , and for Sorbitol-based, the designation is Kappa-SB .汽车动力由葡萄糖为基础的推进剂是指定的河童的DX ，以及山梨醇为基础，指定是Kappa值锑 。
　　Physically, the size of the proposed motor was such that the use of steel for a casing would have resulted in a significant weight penalty, since steel has a density of nearly three times that of aluminum alloy (for similar strength).身体上，大小建议电机等认为，使用钢套管会导致在一个显着的重量罚款，因为钢的密度近3倍，铝合金（类似强度） 。 The obvious reason for minimizing motor "dead" mass is to make the rocket lighter, providing improved mass ratio, or increased payload capacity.显而易见的原因，尽量减少汽车“死”的群众，是使火箭更轻，提供更好的质量比，或增加有效载荷能力。 But another important motive is stability.但另一个重要动机是稳定。 A heavy motor drives the rocket cg aft, which is opposite to what is desired.沉重的马达驱动器，火箭尾部的CG ，这是对面的什么是理想。
　　The use of thin-walled aluminum alloy for the casing represented a significant challenging, particularly as its strength is greatly reduced at elevated temperature.使用薄壁件铝合金的外壳是一个重大的挑战性，尤其是因为其实力大大减少，在高温下。 Therefore, an effective casing insulation was required to be developed, which turned out to be a bigger challenge than anticipated.因此，一个有效的绝缘套管，需要加以发展，演变成一场更大的挑战比预期的。
　　Another key departure from my earlier designs was the grain configuration.另一个关键离开我刚才的设计是粮食的配置。 An unrestricted-burning grain with consequential high thrust and short burn time would impose undesired high g-loading to any sensitive payload.无限制的燃烧粮食与相应的高推力和短期的燃烧时间将施加不受欢迎的高克装到任何敏感的有效载荷。 As well, due to the high terminal velocity, the aerodynamic drag penalty would be particularly great.同时，由于高终端速度，气动阻力的刑罚将是特别大。 It was felt that a better approach was to have the motor produce lower thrust, but with a longer burn time.据认为，更好的做法是有电动机产生较低的推力，但一段较长的燃烧时间。 As such, a BATES grain profile was chosen, with the grain consisting of four individual segments.因此，贝茨粮食剖面的选择，与粮食构成的四个人的部分。 Burning would occur at the central core as well as the segment ends.燃烧会出现在中环的核心，以及为部分结束。 This necessitated developing an effective means of inhibiting the outer segment surfaces from burning (this would turn out to be the most formidable and frustrating challenge).这需要发展的一个有效手段抑制外节表面燃烧（这将又是最可怕的和令人沮丧的挑战） 。 Motor capacity allows for a grain mass of up to 1.5 kg (3.3 lb.).汽车的能力，允许一个大规模的粮食多达1.5公斤（ 3.3磅） 。 Empty weight of the assembled motor is 2.40 lbs.空重量组装汽车是2.40磅。 (1.09 kg.). （ 1.09公斤） 。
　　In order to design the motor, an Excel spreadsheet was created which used the propellants' characterization data to calculate predicted motor performance, such as chamber pressure and thrust as a function of time.在以设计汽车， Excel试算表创建中使用的推进剂'表征的数据来计算预测，汽车的性能，如商会的压力和推力作为一个时间的函数。 From this, predicted total impulse and specific impulse could be derived for various motor and grain configurations.从这个预言，总的冲动和具体的冲动，可以产生各种电机和粮食的配置。 The starting point for all this, however, was the motor casing.起点为所有这一切，不过，是电机外壳。 Earlier that summer, I had come upon a quantity of 2 ½ inch thin-walled 6061 aluminum alloy tubing.刚才那年夏天，我曾来后，一批2 ½英寸薄壁件6061铝合金管材。 This formed the basis for designing the Kappa motor.这形成了基础设计Kappa值马达。 Since I wanted to minimize overall motor mass, and maximize operating efficiency, the structural limit of this casing material set the maximum operating pressure (MEOP) of the motor.因为我想，以尽量减少汽车的整体质量，最大限度地的经营效率，结构性的限制，这套管材料设置最高操作压力（ meop ）的汽车。
　　During the development phase, the Kappa motor was static test fired a total of four times, and was subsequently used to propel the Cirrus One rocket to an altitude of over 10,000 feet, in April 2001.在发展阶段， Kappa值电机静力试验，发射了总共4次，并随后用于推进Cirrus的其中一枚火箭，以海拔超过一点〇万英尺，在2001年4月。

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1.kdx - 001葡萄糖为基础的推进剂。 Inhibitor and casing liner failed; resulting overpressurization led to catastrophic motor failure抑制剂和套管班轮失败;造成overpressurization导致灾难性的电机故障
2. kdx - 002抑制剂和班轮重新设计;成功发射
3. ksb - 001山梨醇为基础的推进剂;成功发射
4. ksb - 002山梨醇为基础的推进剂点火改性方法;成功发射
5. Cirrus的一个成功飞行对河童的DX汽车
Full details regarding problems encountered and design modifications may be found in the test reports for each of the above tests.全部细节方面遇到的问题和设计上的修改可能会发现，在测试报告，上述各个测试。
Altitude simulations using the SOAR program predict that the Kappa rocket motor will boost a 15 lb. (7 kg.) , 2.5 inch (6.35 cm) diameter rocket , with a constant Cd=0.4, to an altitude of over 11 000 feet (3.3 km.).高空模拟使用飙升，计划预测，该河童火箭发动机将推动一个15磅（ 7公斤） ， 2.5英寸（ 6.35厘米）直径的火箭，与不断的CD = 0.4 ，海拔超过一一零零零英尺（ 3.3公里） 。 Maximum mach number would be 0.90.最高马赫数将0.90 。 A similar rocket designed for minimal drag and slightly reduced mass could achieve Mach 1.07 (initial Cd=0.25, Cd@M1.07=0.417).类似的火箭设计为最小的拖曳和略为减少群众可以达到1.07马赫（初步的CD = 0.25 ， cd@m1.07 = 0.417 ） 。
View SOAR output file 1鉴于飙升， 输出文件的一
View SOAR output file 2鉴于飙升， 输出文件2

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基本尺寸和配置
　　

　　Figure 1 -- Basic dimensions of the Kappa SRM 图1 -基本尺寸的K appa值的开关磁阻电动机
　　

　　Figure 2 -- Cutaway view of motor 图2 -剖视图汽车
　　Figure 1 illustrates the basic dimensions of the Kappa motor.如图1所示的基本尺寸的Kappa值马达。 Figure 2 shows a section view, including details of the grain (segments) layout.图2显示一节的看法，包括详细的粮食（段）布局。
　　The nozzle is retained with a total of twelve 6-32NC "socket cap" screws.喷嘴是保留了共12 6 - 32nc “套接字上限”螺丝钉。 These alloy steel screws (black oxide coated) have a rated tensile strength of 180,000 lb/sq.in.这些合金钢螺丝（黑色氧化物涂层）有一个额定的拉伸强度十八点○万磅/ sq.in 。 The shear strength was conservatively taken to be 100,000 lb/sq.in.剪切强度是保守的采取必须一十○点〇 〇万磅/ sq.in 。 Actual testing confirmed the screw shear capability (at the threaded portion) exceeds 1000 lbs (4450 N) each.实际测试证实了螺杆的剪切能力（在螺纹部分）超过1000磅（ 4450 n ）的每一个。 Installation of both the nozzle and bulkhead retaining screws are such that the head is tightened against the nozzle or bulkhead flange (see Fig.3).安装两个喷嘴和舱壁保留螺丝是这样的首长是收紧对喷嘴或舱壁法兰（见图3 ） 。 This design minimizes shank bending .这个设计最大限度地减少小腿弯曲。 As such, the casing holes were sized to the head diameter of the fasteners.因此，套管孔，大小头直径的紧固件。 Load transfer is thus accomplished through bearing of the fastener head against the casing wall.负荷转移，因此通过轴承紧固件头套管墙。
　　The bulkhead is retained with a total of nine 8-32NF "pan head" stainless steel screws.该舱壁是保留了共9 8 - 32nf “盘头”不锈钢螺丝。 These "18-8" alloy screws have a tensile strength of 120,000 lb/sq.in.这些“ 18-8 ”合金螺丝有抗拉强度一二零零零零磅/ sq.in 。 The shear strength was conservatively taken to be 65,000 lb/sq.in.剪切强度是保守的采取必须六点五○○万磅/ sq.in 。 Actual testing confirmed the shear capability (at the threaded portion) averaged 990 lbs (1375N) each.实际测试证实了剪切能力（在螺纹部分） ，平均每990磅（ 1375n ） 。 The number of screws was sized by the requirement that the bulkhead would blow out (by shearing the attachment screws) if chamber overpressurization occurred to a level of 2000 psi.有多少螺丝是由中小型的规定，即舱壁将打击出（剪切扣押螺丝） ，如果商会overpressurization发生的一个2000年的水平防扩散安全倡议。 Note that the head diameter of these screws was reduced (by grinding) to minimize the required hole size in the casing.请注意，头部直径这些螺丝减少（研磨） ，以尽量减少所需的孔尺寸在套管。
　　 Another important reason for this particular joint design is to minimize discontinuity stresses in the casing.另一个重要原因，这尤其是联合设计，是尽量减少间断强调，在套管。 As the casing tends to expands radially under operating pressure, it is important to allow for this expansion at the closures, which this design accomplishes.由于套管趋于扩大径向根据经营压力，这是很重要的，让这种扩张在关闭，这种设计完成。 Otherwise, bending stresses are set up locally which act together with the normal longitudinal stress, which could result in unexpected casing failure.否则，弯曲应力的设立在当地，其中共同采取行动，与正常的纵向应力，这可能导致意想不到的套管损坏。
为密封电机接头， O型环（类型as568a - 139 ）受雇在双（冗余）在喷嘴和舱壁。 O-ring material is ordinary Buna-N (nitrile). O形密封圈的材料是普通布纳- N的 （腈） 。 Prior to nozzle or bulkhead installation, the O-rings and grooves are thoroughly coated with silicone lubricant.之前，喷嘴或舱壁安装时， O型环和沟槽是彻底包覆硅润滑剂。
　　

　　Figure 3 --Detail of nozzle entrance region 图3 -详细喷嘴的入口地区
　　Nozzle 喷嘴
　　

　　Figure 4 --Nozzle 图4 -喷嘴
　　

　　Figure 5 -- Cutaway view of nozzle 图5 -剖视图喷嘴

dymodel

The Kappa motor is equipped with a convergent-divergent supersonic nozzle, detailed in Figures 4 and 5.该Kappa值电机配备了收敛-发散超音速喷嘴，在详细的数字，第4和第5 。 Details of the throat and O-ring grooves are provided in Figure 6.详细的喉咙及O型圈的凹槽提供见图6 。
　　The nozzle material is SAE 1018 cold-rolled low-carbon steel.喷嘴的材料是SAE的1018冷轧低碳钢。 This choice was based upon easy machinability of this steel, and the relatively high melting point.这个选择是基于易于切削钢，和相对较高的熔点。 The convergent portion has a dual half-angle taper of 45 and 25 degrees.收敛部分具有双重半锥角为45和25度。 The divergent portion half-angle is a shallow 12 degrees, and the expansion ratio is 11:1.不同的部分，一半的角度是一个浅层12度，和扩大的比例是11点01分。 Together with the well-rounded throat contour, the intent was to minimize two-phase flow losses, which can be significant with the propellants being utilized, due to the high fraction of condensed particles present in the exhaust.连同以及四舍五入喉咙轮廓，用意是，以尽量减少二相流损失，可显着与推进剂利用，由于高分数浓缩颗粒目前在排气。
　　 All the nozzle flow surfaces are polished smooth.所有喷管流表面抛光顺利。
　　 The nozzle bell has an integrally machined stiffening ring for structural reinforcement.喷嘴钟一整体加工加劲环的结构加固。
　　The prototype nozzle constructed for motor development was of a slightly different design than that shown (see Eng. Dwg. #7&8).原型喷嘴兴建的汽车发展是一个略有不同的设计，比显示（见工程。 dwg档。 ＃ 7 ＆ 8 ） 。 All the basic dimensions are identical, with the difference being the attachment method.所有基本尺寸是相同的，差异扣押的方法。 The prototype nozzle was not machined with an integral flange for the attachment screws, rather, the nozzle was equipped with a separate retainer ring fitted with tapped holes for the attachment screws (see Eng. Dwg. #9).原型喷嘴没有加工不可分割的法兰扣押螺丝钉，相反，喷嘴配备了一个单独的家臣环装有挖掘洞扣押螺丝（见工程。 dwg档。 ＃ 9 ） 。 The ring was fabricated from 6061-T6 aluminum alloy.环是捏造的，从6061 - T6的铝合金。 The drawback with this method of nozzle retention is that the nozzle is not positively attached to the casing.缺点，用此方法喷嘴保留的是，喷嘴是没有积极重视套管。 In other words, although the nozzle is restrained with regard to aftward displacement, the nozzle can potentially displace forward in the motor if a sufficiently large force (eg through handling) is applied to the nozzle end.在其他换言之，虽然喷嘴是克制方面aftward位移，喷嘴有可能取代着在汽车如果一个足够大的力量（例如，通过处理）是适用于喷嘴结束。 This could conceivably jeopardize the insulator RTV seals at the ends.这可以想象危及绝缘子室温硫化密封在两端。 As such, this design is fine for static testing, but not recommended for a flight motor, where the rocket mass may rest upon the nozzle while sitting on the launch pad.因此，这种设计是罚款的静态测试，但不推荐用于飞行汽车，而火箭的群众可能会休息后，喷嘴，而会议上发射架上。
　　

　　

　　Figure 6 -- Nozzle details 图6 -喷嘴详情
　　Motor Casing 电机外壳
套管是捏造的，从6061 - t6351铝合金管材的0.065英寸（ 1.65毫米）壁厚。 As the tubing is extrusion formed, the inside surface is quite unsmooth (with longitudinal ridges), and as such, needs to be polished at each end where the O-rings seal the nozzle and bulkhead.由于油管是挤压形成，内表面是相当非光滑（与纵向脊） ，因此，需要加以抛光在每个月底当O型环密封喷嘴和舱壁。 This may be accomplished by using an automotive brake-cylinder honing tool.这可能是通过使用一个汽车制动缸珩磨工具。 This tool, which is fitted with three honing stones, is spun rapidly using a power drill.这个工具，这是装有3珩磨石块，是纺迅速使用权力演习。 Inserted into the casing, each end may then be gently polished ( click for image ).插入套管，每5月底，然后轻轻抛光（ 点击图像 ） 。 Sprayed with a generous dose of water during polishing, this method was found to be very effective in obtaining a smooth surface that formed an excellent gas-tight seal.喷上一个慷慨的剂量水期间，抛光，这种方法被发现是非常有效的在获得表面光滑，形成了良好的气体密封。
All of the attachment holes are chamfered on the inside edges to prevent damaging the O-rings during installation of the nozzle and bulkhead (see Eng. Dwg. #12).所有的实习孔倒角对内部的优势，以防止破坏O型环在安装过程中的喷嘴和舱壁（见工程。 dwg档。 ＃ 12 ） 。
　　着舱壁
　　

　　Figure 7 -- Forward Bulkhead 图7 -前进舱壁
该隔舱，说明了在图7 ，是加工，从6061 - T6的铝合金大律师公会的股票。 The bulkhead is not subjected to particularly severe thermal conditions, as the gas flow at the head of the motor is largely stagnant.该舱壁是不会受到特别严重的热条件，作为气体流量在头部的汽车，主要是停滞不前。 Required thermal protection is from a combination of inherent "thermal inertia" (see Item#2 ), and a layer of silicone grease that is applied to all surfaces exposed to heating.所需的热保护是从结合固有的“热惯性” （见项目＃ 2 ） ，和一层硅润滑脂是适用于所有的表面暴露于暖气。
The purpose of the bulkhead is threefold: to seal the forward end of the motor, to retain the pyrogen igniter, and to act as a blowout plug in case of motor overpressurization (discussed earlier).的目的，该舱壁是三个方面：密封着年底汽车，保留热原点火器，并充当井喷堵塞在案件电机overpressurization （讨论以较早者为准） 。
The prototype bulkhead constructed for motor development differs slightly (see Eng. Dwg. #16).原型舱壁兴建汽车的发展略有不同（见工程。 dwg档。 ＃ 16 ） 。 The prototype bulkhead was fabricated with a single integral flange which facilitated both attachment screw mounting and the O-ring grooves.原型舱壁是编造一个单一的积分法兰这有利于双方实习螺杆安装和O型圈的凹槽。 The drawback to this design is that gas leakage can potentially occur through the attachment screw holes.的弊端，这个设计是气体泄漏可能发生的通过实习螺丝孔。 As such, it was necessary to seal around the protruding shanks of the screws with RTV to prevent leakage.因此，它是必要的密封周围伸出桑克斯的螺丝与内河船，以防止泄漏。 The revised design eliminates this shortcoming.经修订的设计消除了这个缺点。

dymodel

热原点火器
　　

　　Figure 8 -- Bulkhead/Pyrogen assembly 图8 -舱壁/热原大会
　　

　　Figure 9 --Pyrogen canister 图9 -热原霰弹
    在Kappa值电机的发展，一些引爆器的设计进行了测试。 The standard Pyrotechnic Igniter lacked adequacy, in the sense that onset of motor thrust took two or more seconds to occur, after ignition.标准烟火点火器缺乏充足，在意义上发病电机推力了两个或两个以上的秒发生后，点火。 As a result, a Pyrogen Igniter , which is essentially a small rocket motor, was developed.因此，一个热原点火器 ，这基本上是一种小型火箭发动机，开发。 Used for Test KSB-002, it led to nearly immediate onset of motor thrusting.用于测试ksb - 002 ，它导致了近立即开始电动机逆冲。
    The Pyrogen Igniter as installed in the Forward Bulkhead, is illustrated in Figure 8.热原点火器作为安装在前进隔舱，说明了在图8 。 The detail of the pyrogen canister is shown in Figure 9.详细的热原霰弹是显示在图9 。 The canister is machined from 6061-T6 aluminum alloy bar stock, and retained by six screws that are identical to those that retain the nozzle.该罐是加工从6061 - T6的铝合金大律师公会的股票，及保留6螺丝是相同的那些保留喷嘴。 This design allows for the pyrogen to be installed on site , for safety considerations.这样的设计允许为热原可安装在现场 ，为了安全的考虑。
    RTV is employed to seal the canister against the bulkhead, and to seal the screw threads.室温硫化是受雇于密封罐对隔舱，并密封螺纹。
    The Igniter Body (see Eng. Dwg. #18) is fabricated from a #10-32 steel machine screw with a hole drilled centrally through.引爆器的机构（见工程。 dwg档。 ＃ 18 ）是捏造的，从一＃ 10-32钢机螺杆与钻孔中央通过。 The igniter leads are fed through the hole, and sealed and secured by filling the hole with epoxy.引爆器的线索是美联储通过孔，并密封，并在担保填补孔与环氧树脂。 The igniter filament consists of a 3 mm length of #36 nichrome wire soldered to the leads (which are looped at the ends to facilitate soldering).引爆器的长丝构成一个3毫米的长度＃ 36 nichrome线焊接到的线索（即环在两端，以方便焊接） 。
    The pyrogen main charge consists of a grain of KN-Sucrose propellant, chosen for its rapid burn rate.热原主要负责组成粮食的千牛蔗糖推进剂，选择其快速燃烧率。 The propellant is cast directly into the canister, with a 0.25 inch (6.4 mm) core centrally cast.推进剂是投下直接进入罐，与0.25英寸（ 6.4毫米）为核心的中央演员。 Initiation of grain burning is accomplished by use of Ignition Powder .启动粮食燃烧是通过使用点火药 。 To ensure rapid response, a burst diaphragm is employed to seal the canister to allow for pressure buildup.为了确保快速反应，一水管爆裂，膈肌是受雇于密封罐，让压力积聚。 The diaphragm consists of thin cardboard of 0.0165 inch (0.42 mm) thickness, RTV bonded to the canister end.膈肌构成的薄纸板的0.0165英寸（ 0.42毫米）的厚度，室温硫化保税区向筒底。 To assist ignition of the motor top segment, the canister has 6 radial ports located around the side walls, to divert a portion of the gas flow.协助点火汽车顶部部分，霰弹有6个径向港口位于靠近一侧墙壁，以转移部分气体的流动。 Initially, these ports are sealed with burst tape (masking tape).最初，这些端口密封与水管爆裂，磁带 （掩蔽磁带） 。
    A bench test of the Pyrogen assembly was conducted prior to its use in an actual motor static test. 1台架试验热原大会进行之前，其使用在一个实际的电机静力试验。 The performance was impressive, with nearly instantaneous ignition of the powder, followed by pyrogen grain ignition a split-second later.表现给人留下了深刻印象，近瞬时点火的粉末，其次是热原粮食点火***-第二稍后。 The flame was about 2 feet (0.6 m.) long, and burn duration was about 2 seconds.火焰约2英尺（ 0.6米）长，烧伤持续时间约2秒。 In actual operation, the burn duration would be shorter, due to the effect of confinement.在实际操作上，烧伤的时间会较短，由于影响的隔离。
Casing Thermal Insulation 热绝缘套管
    The purpose of the thermal insulation is to maintain the temperature of the casing below a predetermined value (150 o C.), required to maintain sufficient structural strength during motor operation.的目的，热绝缘，是要维持温度的套管下面一个预定值（ 150 摄氏 ） ，须保持足够的结构强度，在汽车的运作。 As such, the insulation was designed to accomplish this through combined ablative cooling and thermal resistance.因此，保温的目的是要做到这一点，通过联合烧蚀冷却和热电阻。
    The insulation material is art-grade thin cardboard of 0.0165 inch (0.42 mm) thickness, with a density of 350 g/m 2 , or equivalent to "93 lb."绝缘材料是艺术级的薄纸板的0.0165英寸（ 0.42毫米）的厚度，密度350克/立方米2 ，或等于“ 93磅” paper.文件。 To make the insulator, the cardboard is cut to a rectangular shape, of a size such that when concentrically rolled, it forms a tube of four layers of 0.066 inch (1.67 mm) total thickness.使绝缘子，纸板是削减到一个矩形形状，大小，例如，当concentrically推出，它形成了一个管的4层0.066英寸（ 1.67毫米）总厚度。 The cardboard is then painted on both sides with hi-heat aluminum paint.纸板，然后髹上双方同喜热铝涂料。
    To facilitate fabrication of the insulator tube, a mandrel was fashioned from a steel pipe with an outside diameter slightly less than that required.为方便制作绝缘管，一轴是过时从钢管与外部直径略少于需要。 Layers of paper were then rolled over the mandrel to pad the diameter to 2.20 inch (55.9 mm).层纸，然后推出超过芯棒，以垫直径2.20英寸（ 55.9毫米） 。 This gave the insulator tube an outer diameter of 2.34 inch (59.4 mm), slightly less than the inside diameter of the casing, allowing the insulator tube to be slid into the motor.这给了绝缘子一管外径2.34英寸（ 59.4毫米） ，略少于内直径套管，使绝缘子管会滑向汽车。 When forming the insulator tube, the two seams were bonded with silicone RTV.当形成绝缘子管，两个煤层被保税区与有机硅室温硫化。
    The insulator tube is installed in the motor prior to installing the nozzle.绝缘子管是安装在汽车之前，必须先安装喷嘴。 The insulator is slid into the casing such that the final position is about 1 mm forward of the nozzle location (see Fig.3).绝缘子是滑向套管等最后的立场是约1毫米的前进方向喷嘴的位置（参见图3 ） 。 RTV is applied around the insulator end, then the nozzle installed.室温硫化是适用于周围的绝缘体结束，然后喷嘴安装。 A fillet of RTV is then applied at the forward end of the insulator, to seal it against the casing wall. 1圆角的内河船，然后是适用于远期年底绝缘子，密封，这对套管墙。
    The drawback to using cardboard as an insulating material is that it tends to char quite severely.缺点用纸板作为绝缘材料的是，它往往是烧焦相当严重。 An advanced insulation material that will be considered for future use is ceramic paper such as Cotronics Rescor 300 or 3M Nextel .先进的绝缘材料，将被视为以供未来使用的是陶瓷的文件 ，如cotronics rescor 300或3个月Nextel的 。 These high-temperature papers are fabricated from alumina based refractory fibres, and have a service temperature of 1300 o C - 1650 o C, which should provide for an ideal casing insulator.这些高温度的文件是捏造的，从氧化铝为基础的难治性纤维，并有一个服务的温度o C的1300年-1 650o C的，应该提供一个理想的绝缘套管。

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推进剂药柱
　　

　　Figure 10 --Propellant segment with inhibitor 图10 -推进剂部分与抑制剂
    该Kappa值电机是专为动力，无论千牛/葡萄糖或千牛/山梨醇的推进剂。 These may be used interchangeably without modification to the motor.这些可能互换使用，无须修改，以汽车。 A total of four propellant segments , as illustrated in Figure 10, make up the grain.共有4个推进剂部分 ，说明了在图10 ，弥补粮食。
    These segments are heat-cast, with the central core formed by insertion of a coring tool during the casting operation.这些部分是热铸态，与中央的核心所形成的插入一个取心工具在铸造的运作。 The coring tool is made from a smooth steel rod, 0.75 inch (19 mm) diameter, tapered at one end, and fitted with a detachable handle at the other end.该取心工具是由平稳棒钢， 0.75英寸（ 19毫米）的直径，圆锥在一端，并装有可拆卸的处理在另一端。 To ease removal after casting, the coring tool is lightly coated with silicone lubricant ( Master Plumber brand works extremely well).以纾缓搬迁后，铸造，取心工具是掉以轻心，涂层与硅润滑剂（ 硕士水喉匠品牌工程非常好） 。 For centering within the mould, the rod is fitted with four radial spokes near the handle end (the tapered end of the rod fits within a hole located centrally in the base of the mould).为围绕内部的模具，控制棒是装有4径向辐条附近处理完（锥形年底杆适合内部的一个洞，位于中央在该基地的模具） 。 Prior to casting, the coring tool is preheated to about 100 o C.之前，铸造，取心工具是预热到约100 摄氏
    The casting mould consists of a 4.75 inch (120 mm) length of 2.50 inch diameter tubing (same material as casing), modified by a longitudinal cut through the full length.该连铸机结晶器构成的4.75英寸（ 120毫米）的长度2.50英寸直径的油管（同样的材料作为套管） ，改性纵向削减通过充分的长度。 The purpose of slitting the mould is to allow for easy insertion of the propellant spacer , as this allows the mould to be expanded slightly.的目的，纵剪模具，是让容易插入推进剂间隔 ，这使得模具加以扩充轻微。 Additionally, this imparts a "clamping" action around the spacer.此外，此imparts “夹紧”行动，周围的间隔。 The spacer is simply a tube formed from rolled heavy paper, with the express purpose of reducing the diameter of the cast propellant segment to that required, in order to provide space for the propellant inhibitor and casing insulator.间隔器，简直是管形成从推出沉重的文件，与表达的目的，减少直径现浇推进剂部分需要，为了提供空间推进剂抑制剂和套管绝缘子。 The paper that was used for the spacers during motor development was of 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) thickness ("55 lb" paper).该文件是用于间隔期间，汽车的发展是0.010英寸（ 0.25毫米）厚度（ “五十五磅”文件） 。 Forming the spacer into a tubular shape was simplified by using a mandrel, which consisted of a 2 inch (51 mm) steel tube, with the diameter subsequently increased to 2.170 inch (55 mm) with rolled paper.形成间隔成管状的形状，简化了用芯棒，其中包括一个2英寸（ 51毫米）钢管，与直径，随后增加至2.170英寸（ 55毫米）推出的文件。 After casting the propellant segment, the spacer is peeled off and discarded.后铸造推进剂部分，间隔是脱落和丢弃。
    The inhibitor may then be applied to the outer surface of the segment.抑制剂可能会适用于外表面的部分。 The inhibitor consists of a single layer of thin tight-weave cotton fabric soaked with polyester/styrene resin.抑制剂组成，单层薄紧织棉织物浸泡与聚酯/苯乙烯树脂。 The fabric used for development testing had a thickness of 0.008 inch (0.20 mm).织物用于发展测试了厚度0.008英寸（ 0.20毫米） 。 Final inhibitor thickness typically was 0.010 inch (0.25 mm).最后抑制剂厚度通常是0.010英寸（ 0.25毫米） 。 After the resin hardens, the surface is sanded to remove irregularities, then sprayed with a coating of hi-heat aluminum paint.后树脂变硬，表面上是用砂纸，以消除违规行为，然后喷上涂层的高科技热铝涂料。
    The final step in preparation of the propellant segments is to trim any excess inhibitor material from the segment ends.最后一步在编写推进剂部分是修剪任何超出抑制剂的物质从部分结束。 Residual grease is then removed from the core surfaces by use of acetone or lacquer thinner applied to a cloth plug and drawn through the core.残留油脂，然后从核心表面用丙酮或漆薄，适用于布堵塞，并制定通过的核心。
    Final segment weight is required to be 375 grams maximum, for a total grain mass of 1.500 kg (excluding inhibitor).最后部分的重量须三百七十五克最高，为全年粮食质量1.500千克（不包括抑制剂） 。 Due to unavoidable waste during the casting operation (typically 20%), the batch size should be a minimum of 450 grams of mixture, per segment.由于不可避免的废物期间铸造的运作（通常是20 ％ ） ，一批大小应该有一个最低450克混合，每部分。
    Note that KN/Dextrose propellant is fully hard once it has cooled.请注意，千牛/葡萄糖推进剂是充分努力后，已冷却。 The mandrel is removed typically after 1.25 hours.该轴是拆除后，通常1.25小时。 The KN/Sorbitol propellant, on the other hand, must be allowed to harden (cure) for 20 hours (minimum) before mandrel removal.该千牛/山梨醇推进剂，在另一方面，我们必须让哈登（治疗）为20小时（最低）之前，芯棒罢免权。
    Installation of the segments into the motor simply involves sliding the segments into place, each separated by a spacer ring (see Eng. Dwg.#20).安装环节纳入电动机只是涉及滑动环节到位，每相隔一间隔环（见工程。 dwg档。 ＃ 20 ） 。 A spacer ring is also placed between the first segment and the nozzle.间隔一环，也是放在第一部分和喷嘴。 The spacer rings are made from short lengths of 2.50 inch diameter tubing (same material as casing), with a slot cut-out, which allows the rings to be slightly compressed to the required diameter.间隔器戒指是由短期的长度2.50英寸直径的油管（同样的材料作为套管） ，与槽切出，这使得环稍微压缩到所需的直径。 This also produces a spring-like behaviour which holds the rings in place even after the segments have burned away.这也产生一个春天般的行为，持有戒指的地方，甚至在后，部分已烧毁了。

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Engineering drawings 工程图纸
　　1. Kappa Rocket Motor Kappa值火箭发动机
　　

　　2. Motor Section AA 汽车节机管局
　　

　　3. Detail 'A' (Casing/Nozzle Interface) 详细了' A ' （套管/喷嘴接口）
　　

　　4. Nozzle 喷嘴
　　

　　5. Nozzle, sectional view 喷嘴，剖面图
　　

　　6. Nozzle Details (O-ring grooves; throat) 喷嘴的详细资料（ O 型圈的凹槽;喉咙）
　　

　　7. Prototype Nozzle 原型喷嘴
　　

　　8. Prototype Nozzle, sectional view 原型喷嘴，剖面图
　　

　　9. Prototype Nozzle Retaining Ring 原型喷嘴护环　　

　　10. Motor Casing 电机外壳
　　

　　11. Casing Section AA 套管段机管局
　　

　　12. Casing Detail 'A' 套管详细了' A '
　　

　　13. Bulkhead 舱壁
　　

　　14. Bulkhead Detail (O-Ring groove) 舱壁详细（ O 型圈槽）
　　

　　15. Bulkhead Attachment Screw 舱壁实习螺杆
　　

　　16. Prototype Bulkhead 原型舱壁
　　

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17. Pyrogen Canister 热原霰弹
　　

　　18. Igniter Body 点火机构
　　

　　19. Bulkhead-Pyrogen Assembly 舱壁-热原大会
　　

　　20. Propellant Spacer Ring 推进剂间隔环
　　

　　汽车千牛数据
　　

　　Figure 11 -- Ideal Kn with respect to web regression 图11 -理想千牛与尊重网上回归
　　The calculated Kn (ratio of propellant burning area to nozzle throat area) for the Kappa motor is shown in Figure 11.计算千牛（比例推进剂燃区的喷嘴喉咙区）为Kappa值显示，汽车是在图11 。 The BATES grain configuration provides, ideally, a nearly neutral Kn, with initial Kn=317, maximum Kn=378, and final Kn=360.该贝茨粮食配置提供，理想的是，近中性千牛，与初步千牛= 317 ，最高千牛= 378 ，和最后千牛= 360 。
　　Performance 性能
　　

　　

　　Figure 12 -- Kappa-DX thrust curves (English/Metric) 图12 -河童的D X推力曲线（英文/公制）
　　

　　

　　Figure 13 -- Kappa-SB thrust curves (English/Metric) 图13 -河童锑推力曲线（英文/公制）

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The thrust vs time data is given in Figure 12 for the Kappa-DX motor, showing both the design (predicted) curve, and the static test results (KDX-002).推力随时间的数据是由于在图12为河童的DX电机，显示双方的设计（预测）曲线，和静力试验结果（ kdx - 002 ） 。 Similar data is provided for the Kappa-SB motor in Figure 13, where the actual curve is that of static test KSB-002.类似的数据是提供给河童锑电机在图13 ，而实际的曲线是静态测试ksb - 002 。
　　The actual performance of the Kappa-DX motor is in good agreement with the design curve, delivering a total impulse of 2003 N-sec., compared to the target impulse of 2076 N-sec.实际表现的河童的DX汽车是在良好的协议，与设计曲线，提供一个总的冲动， 2003年的N -秒，目标相比冲动2076年的N -秒。 Delivered specific impulse was 137 sec., compared to the target of 141 sec.发表具体的冲动是137秒，相比的目标141秒。
　　实际表现的Kappa值锑电机患有在比较的设计目标。 The reason for the odd thrust curve is speculated to be a result of negative erosive burning .原因为单推力曲线是猜测，是一个结果的负面糜烂燃烧 。 As such, the delivered total impulse is less than the predicted value of 1987 N-sec., producing 1821 N-sec., with the delivered specific impulse being 125 sec.因此，交付总额的冲动是低于预测值由1987年的N -秒， 1821年生产的N -秒，与交付的具体冲动，被125秒。 compared to the target value of 137 seconds.目标相比价值137秒。
　　商会的压力和C f
　　

　　

　　Figure 14 --Kappa-DX chamber pressure curves (English/Metric) 图14 -河童的D X商会压力曲线（英文/公制）
　　

　　

　　Figure 15 -- Kappa-SB chamber pressure curves (English/Metric) 图15 -河童锑商会压力曲线（英文/公制）

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The chamber pressure time history is given in Figure 14 for the Kappa-DX motor, showing both the design (predicted) curve, and the static test results (KDX-002).会议厅的压力，时间，历史是由于在图14为河童的DX电机，显示双方的设计（预测）曲线，和静力试验结果（ kdx - 002 ） 。 Similar data is provided for the Kappa-SB motor in Figure 15, where the actual curve is that of static tests KSB-001 combined with KSB-002.类似的数据是提供给河童锑电机在图15 ，而实际的曲线是静态测试ksb - 001结合ksb - 002 。
　　 Note that the shape of the pressure curves (both design and actual) closely parallel the thrust curves.请注意，形状的压力曲线（设计和实际）紧密合作，平行推力曲线。 This is to be expected, as the chamber pressure and thrust are directly related by the thrust coefficient (C f ), which may be considered to be the degree of amplification of thrust generated by the nozzle.这是可以预料的，由于会议厅的压力和推力是有直接关系，由推力系数 （三六 ） ，这可能被视为程度功放推力所产生的喷嘴。 The C f for the Kappa-DX motor is shown in Figure 16.在C F对于该河童的DX电机是显示在图16 。
　　

　　Figure 16 -- Nozzle thrust coefficient, design and actual (over steady-state regime) for Kappa-DX 图16 -喷管推力系数，设计和实际（超过稳态国家政权的）河童的D X
　　注意 ：上述的设计曲线，电机千牛，推力，会议厅的压力，和CF分别所产生的 srm_beta Excel试算表。